by webadmin | Feb 3, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Regional Monitoring of Natural Environment 2004, No 5, 159-173
THE COMPOSITION OF MACRO- AND MICROELEMENTS IN GRAIN SIZE FRACTIONS OF GENETIC HORIZONS OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM VARIOUS MOTHER-ROCKS IN EASTERN POLAND
Józef Borowiec
In the years 1977-1988, in the contemporary Chair of the Soil Science of Agricultural University in Lublin, the multidirectional research on the chemical composition and proprieties of each grain size fraction separated from 6 profiles of typical soils of Eastern Poland was carried out (Fig. 1). The effect of this research was, among others, the elaboration and publication of detailed characteristics of several macro – and microelements (Fe, Ti, V, Pb, Mn, B, Al). However, due to external factors the research was not completed then. Taking into account a wide range of data obtained from this experiment, we present in this paper the research results for all determined elements (Tables 2-7). Simultaneously, this work is a kind of announcement of detailed elaborations that will be published separately for every element in the future. The scope of these elaborations will be similar to the above mentioned first one.
Within the presented paper we will emphasize the most essential elements of the research results which can be summarized as follows:
The soil profiles developed from different mother-rocks showed an essential influence of the mother-rock factor on the chemism of separated fractions. The analysis of the research results on the example of iron and aluminium, confirms a significant role of these elements in processes of the soil profile formation. The results confirm partially an argument of Le Riche who points out distinct differences in actions of these elements during soil formations processes. The iron, after the activation, shifts mostly in the form of hydrated oxides. On the opposite, the aluminium usually stays in a form of amorphous aluminosilicates – this is why the most of the mass of Al is bounded in particles of greater diameter (small dust). The research confirmed a significant role of pH of the environment in a course of these processes. In the acid reaction environment the iron mobility increased. The review of the whole obtained results (Tables 2-7) shows that in the case of most marked elements, their secondary accumulation is connected with a colloidal fraction. Departures from this rule (aluminium, titanium) are not accidental but result from their geochemical dissimilarities. The attempts of estimation of negative anthropogenic changes on the example of the occurrence and reaction of the lead in the soil did not proved distinct signs of biogenic accumulation of this element in soil horizons. In comparison to the mother-rock the fall of the lead content was observed in genetic horizons of all examined profiles. The results confirm a controversial opinion about ambiguous influence of the reaction (pH) on the dissolubility and mobility of the lead in the soil environment. The composition of graphic forms of counts proposed by Le Riche confirms partly the argument of this author about the geochemical affinity of some elements to the iron but other to the aluminium (Fig. 2). One can infer that realization of similar elaborations (graphs) for all elements will contribute to deepen our knowledge on these problems.
by webadmin | Feb 3, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Regional Monitoring of Natural Environment 2004, No 5, 95-102
ANTARCTIC AND ARCTIC SOILS AS HABITATS FOR ORGANISMS
H.-P. Blumeand M. Bölter
Summary
A concept for an ecological rating of habitats is given by this approach, which comprises different polar soils. This concept was used to understand strong differences in kind and intensity of vegetation cover, in the amount of bacterial biomass and in some examples in the activity of soil animals of sites with permafrost of the Continental Antarctic, the Maritime Antarctic and of some Canadian Islands.
It could be shown that mainly the length of the snow free period, the intensity of cryoturbation and the amount of accumulated organic matter control plant cover and bacterial activity; but also the water, air and nutrient conditions have an important influence. This influence, however, is more closely related to local and seasonal aspects.
by webadmin | Feb 3, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Regional Monitoring of Natural Environment 2004, No 5, 235-247
PERIGLACIAL PAST AND GEOECOLOGICAL PRESENT IN GERMAN LOWER MOUNTAIN RANGES
Arno Semmel
Summary
Katen from Taunus, Odenwald and Fulda-Werra Region reflect the relation of the periglacial sequence of soliflux covers with the terrain relief. This regularity is characteristic for the whole area of the Central German Uplands. In compliance with the instruction for the Soil Survey Description (AG Boden 1994) each slope covers are qualified as: bottom, central and main. These covers have an essential influence on contemporary geoecological conditions. First and foremost, they influence spatial differentiation of soils. The geological substrata influences the mechanical and mineralogical composition of each covers and in the same time the geoecological relations within the terrain. The quality of present habitats was shaped by the Pleistocene soliflux processes along with cryoturbation mixing of the local and allochtonic material.
by webadmin | Feb 3, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Regional Monitoring of Natural Environment 2004, No 5, 47-94
IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMATION ICE LEVELS AND SLOPE SOIL COVERS FORMED IN THE PERIGLACIAL AND EXTRAGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS
Alojzy Kowalkowski
In Central and Northern Europe there were found 14 parallel belts of glacial, fluvial and Eolian sediments of the age from 500ka to younger ones – from 6ka, which distribution decrease from the South to the North. These belts are marked with recessional moraines and concurrent pre-valleys of the successive Pleistocene Stadials of Scandinavian glaciations. Within every of these belts there are found parallel mosaics of soils with prevailing soils according to the age of a given belt.
The investigation area holds no signs of anthropogenic changes within morphological profiles and profiles of measurable features and characteristics. Most soils of these area have features connected with litho- and pedomorphological activity of diverse in the space-time ice factor in the Pleistocene as well as in cold zones and levels of the Holocene environment.
In the dependence from the energy and the matter of each factors that operated within the soil mosaics, which formed soil landscapes, following dominating actions took place: lithogenic – mother rocks, geomorphological – land surface, climo-genic – climatic, biogenic – assemblages of living organisms and of the man’s origin – anthropogenic.
As far as warm climate is considered the soil development is conditioned by biogenic factors along with a local anthropogenic factor. On the other hand, in cool climatic conditions a prevailing part of climogenic, geomorphogenic and lithologic factors are typical. With an activity of the climogenic factor in cold and boreal climates the zones of periglacial transformations are connected which change, with a decrescent intensity inside of ground, mineral substrata and sediments within lowlands, uplands and mountainous plateaus with a small relief. In mountains, piedmonts and uplands with a significant relief the geomorphological factor has a prevailing meaning. Together with a climatic factor on slopes, it forms series of typical periglacial and degraded soil covers. A lithogenic factor has an impact in every place, where the unaltered rocky substratum or sediments are uncovered or will become exposed. The biogenic factor that develops in time cooperates also with climogenic, geomorphological and lithogenic factors in all soil mosaics, with different changing intensity in time and space. Changes of climate and living organisms assemblages are connected with passing time, what causes that in soil profiles polygenetic, monogenetic, relict and present levels are found.
The detailed classification of morphopedogenetic transformations with diagnostic levels in terrestric soils are presented in Tables 4 and 6. Characterizations of zones of transformations and soil covers, taking into account the name, thickness, structure, lithology, granulation, relation to covers in the floor and in the ceiling, other concurrent features and diagnostic levels are presented in Tables 10 and 11.
by webadmin | Feb 3, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Regional Monitoring of Natural Environment 2004, No 5, 149-157
ORGANIC HORIZON IN PROFILE OF ALLUVIAL FAN FROM BOREAL/ATLANTIC TRANSITION IN PODGRODZIE UPON WISŁOKA RIVER
Anna Budek, Leszek Starkel
SUMMARY
Organic horizon and breaks in sedimentation of alluvial fan from Boreal / Atlantic transition in Podgrodzie upon Wisłoka river.
This paper consider the genesis of one loamy organic horizon in the sequence of alluvial fan of small Maga creek, the tributary of Wisłoka river at the margin of Polish Carpathians. This fan represent the Holocene phase with higher frequency of extreme events dated between 8400 and after 7800 yrs 14C BP (fig.1). In this sequence 6 – 9 m thick there were earlier distinguished above 100 flood layers separated by 13 loamy – organic horizons, indicating the breaks in the deposition (fig.2).
The highest of this fossil organic horizon has been studied in detail using micromorphological method. The results have shown that this loamy – organic horizon originated in short time interval and the soil processes changed it in minimal degree (fig.3). Continuous and rapid upbuilding of fan surface excluded the formation of developed soil profile. The organic horizon in the fan sequence has developed as the horizon of local paludification with presence of high groundwater level. However, the weathered quartz grains seem to indicate the existence of pedogenic processes, which also facilitated the decomposition and mineralization of organic matter. Examination of thin section also shows that the process of gleing was weakly developed or was absent, due to higher permeability of the ground, connected a high content of sandy fraction (fig.3).
