by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2007, No 8, 19-27
THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING ANALYSIS OF METAL FORMS OCCURRING IN SURFACE WATERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Anna Rabajczyk
Summary
Water cycle and a fact that water is a very good solvent cause that water does not occur in nature as a chemically pure compound made of oxygen and hydrogen but it is a very diluted solution of salts, acids, bases and gases. Colloidal compounds and suspensions are present in water together with substances diluted in water. Water contains almost all natural substances occurring in Earth’s crust or admixtures and anthropogenic substances or pollutants. Amount and types of substances in natural waters may vary and they depend on their universally occurring in given environment, solubility and physicochemical processes shaping the transformations. Chemical composition of rivers, lakes and ground water changes significantly under the influence of natural factors such as chemistry of elements, weathering conditions or biological processes, and as well as a result of human activity. When performing environmental monitoring of tested ecosystem, in order to gather complete information, all ecosystem components have to be analysed. Field research including location and evaluation of research area with regard to geological aspect as well as land development should be taken into account as well as field and laboratory analysis including analyte forms in different environmental samples. The introduction of the metals adsorbed on suspension matter or other solid particles analysis into procedure of metal analysis in water is necessity and gives the possibility of receives information about concentration of metal forms.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2007, No 8, 65-72
TEMPORARY VARIABILITY OF THE ORGANIC MATTER FALL IN FIR-BEECH STANDS IN YEARS 1994-2006 ON THEMAIN MASSIF OF ŁYSOGÓRY
Alojzy Kowalkowski, Marek Jóźwiak
Summary
In the years 1994-2006, within a framework of integrated monitoring, research on dynamics of organic deposition in two biogroups of mountain acid beech wood (Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum, Klika, 1927, Matuszkiewicz, 1964) was conducted. The beech wood comprises 3-layer fir-hornbeam-beech stand while beech is between 60-140 years old, and fir is up to 150 years old (“A” biogroup), and 2-layer beech-stand is aged between 60-140 years with addition of sycamore (“B” biogroup). The research was carried out on the Northern slope of the main quartzite £ysogóry Massif on the OEwiêty Krzy¿ Mountain at heights from 509 to 520 m ASL. 12 components were selected from organic deposition assimilation organs of fir, beech, hornbeam, sycamore and mountain ash; fruits of beech, hornbeam and maple; small tree branches, bud hulls, bark and other components. In the time of the dynamics of organic deposition, the key role was played by quantitative ratios of assimilation organs of fir and deciduous trees occasionally with those aged 1 or 2 years (seminal years). In the years 2002-2006, a remarkable increase of organic deposition was observed in both biogroups in comparison to the previous period. In “A” biogroup which was getting old, unbalanced and high deposition of coniferous needles of fir which was under die-back and acidifying soil environment was observed, the fructification of deciduous trees decreased significantly. In “B” biogroup of beech-stand maturing, where foliage deposition dominated, total organic deposition is higher, fructification is several (2.7x) times higher, while deposition of tree branches and bark is lower in “A” biogroup.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2008, No 9, 47-55
DIFFERENTIATION OF THROUGHFALL IN SELECT SYLVAN ECOSYSTEMS IN ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE MOUNTAINS AND LOW BESKIDS
Witold Bochenek, Marek Jóźwiak, Małgorzata Kijowska, Rafał Kozłowski
Summary
Physiochemical properties and chemistry of atmospheric precipitation being influenced by air pollution are key elements contributing to present degradation of natural environment. The purpose of this study is to present spatial diversity of throughfall in sylvan ecosystem of Świętokrzyskie Mountains and Low Beskids. The measurements of physiochemical properties (pH, SEC) of throughfall were performed in 7-day cycle during research in the field.
It was observed that in fir-stand and spruce-stand a versatile transformation of chemical properties of water penetrating tree-crowns takes place which is caused by the age of the trees forming a beech-stand and morphological features of tree-crowns of both species. Horizontal distribution of rainfall contributes to diversity of physiochemical properties of water of throughfall. Their high frequency in Świętokrzyskie Mountains forms properties of water of throughfall beneath firs. No similar effect is observed in spruce-stand in Low Beskids.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2008, No 9, 29-36
CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION METHODS USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Ryszard Świetlik, Marzena Trojanowska
Summary
Trace metals in environmental solid samples may exist in different chemical forms or ways of binding. It is now widely recognized that the toxicity and the mobility of metals depend strongly on their specific chemical forms and physical phases. In environmental studies the determination of different species gives more information on trace metal mobility, as well as on their availability or toxicity in comparison with the total element content. Sequential extraction techniques are commonly used to chemical fractionation the solid-phase forms of metals in environmental samples. Many sequential extraction procedures have been developed for different solid samples (sediments, soils, sludge) and, despite numerous criticism, they remain very useful in environmental studies. The choice of procedure must be related to a definite objective, taking into account the nature of the sample.
This article reviews the methods used to chemical fractionation of metals in different environmental solid samples. Quantification of main phases associations of trace elements in soils and sediments helps in understanding geochemical processes in order to evaluate the remobilization potential and the risk induced.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2008, No 9, 89-96
SYSTEM OF GUARANTEES OF ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES
Maciej Jóźwiak, Krzysztof Wierzbowski
Summary
The article presents fundamental Polish and EU legal acts and strategic documents. The analysis of the regulation shows the consecutive stages of action taken by the European community and Polish government aimed on the implementation effective methods of production electricity from renewable sources. During the analysis the author begins with the documents created in 1994 and ends with the perspectives and plans for development of energy renewable sources till 2017.
