by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2006, No 7, 51-58
DYNAMIC AND IMPACT OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ON SOIL MOISTURE OF FLYSCH CARPATHIAN SLOPE COVERS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE IG&SO PAS EXPERIMENTAL SLOPE AT SZYMBARK
Witold Bochenek
Summary
This paper shows results of soil moisture investigations on the flysch Carpathian slope, measured by TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) technique in two profiles during one year (a break during winter). Author has analysed the influence selected meteorological factors: precipitation (total and intensity), airtemperature and ground-temperature on soil moisture. It investigated relationships between moisture on measuring points on selected profiles (measurement every 10 cm down). Presented results became completed with information, which got on the base of experiment concerning velocity of moisture progress in soil.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2006, No 7, 41-49
THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPRIETY AND CHEMISTRY OF THROUGHFALL
ON „BIAŁE ZAGŁĘBIE” REGION
Rafał Kozłowski
Summary
In present work the results of investigations were introduced relating spatial the differentiation of propriety physico-chemical and chemical constitution of rainfall. It the quantity of fall, pH, electrolytical conductivity as well as chemical constitution in track of measurements was analysed on content K and Na. For thus purpose 40 throughfalls put on plan of rectangular mesh situated in grounds of hornbeam – beech – pine stand were used.
In track of investigations affirm, that among studied proprieties, it was been possible to deal out two groups of features. To the group of the faintly variables guild was numbered the pH as well as size of fall. The second group of the guilds make up the strongly and very strongly variables, with the measurements of the potassium load, the hydrogen load, the sodium load as well as size of electrolytical conductivity.
The analysis of got results show, that the use, for example at least 10 – 15 throughfalls, put in regular way on plan of rectangular mesh or cross permits on catch the differentiations spatial rainfall. Such number of measuring points should reflect the whole spectra of changes, what step out in grounds of stand, connected with storey, short-circuit and thickness of the trees’ crowns, distance from the trees’ trunks as well as the hatches among crowns.
The important indicator for planning the optimum number of measuring points should be also the analysis of changeability coefficient for individual parameters. Near small values CV is possible usage smaller number catchers, whose number should to grow larger with growth its value together however
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2006, No 7, pp. 95-101
TRADE EMISSION RIGHTS AS FACTOR OF AIR PROTECTION
Maciej Jóźwiak
Summary
The biggest source of air pollution are the energy manufacture process, not only big power station, but also the heat system for industry and municipal sector. When Poland had ratificated the Genoa Convention and connected protocols, had also obligated to reduce the emission of many pollutant. Fulfilling all regulation is connected with reduction the pollutant emission in proper time or no-exceed the determined level of emission in the future, even in economic growth. The special emphasis is put on SO2, NO2 i NH3 emission reduction.
The 2003/87/WE directive, which is connected with Kioto Protocol (Protocol 1999), assume not only reduction pollutant emission, but also the adjust mechanism. This mechanism should be a simplification to reach the reduction level pointed in Kioto Protocol. One of the adjust mechanism is the emission right trade. The polish parliament, in December 2004, had enacted the air pollutant emission right trade act. The act is in force since 1st of January 2005.
On 19th of September 2006 started the first CO2 trade session. This is very important event, because it that day all action, which was aimed on free emission right trade, stayed only in sphere of legal act. CO2 emission started to be a part of business. The companies during the production planning must analyze the emission and compare it to the level of granted limit. The business aspect of CO2 emission force the reduction this pollutant to the air. If the company could reduce the emission in cheaper way than the trade price of emission right, it will modernize their workshop to reduce emission and will sell the excess.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2006, No 7, pp. 85-92
MICROCLIMATE OF THE RAJ CAVE OF POINT OF VIEW MONITORING RESEARCH IN THE 1996-2005 YEAR
Marek Jóźwiak
Summary
From 1996 year, in the cave are conducting monitoring researches, that have an aim get to know mikroclimate the cave of “Raj” in the funkcjoning period the cave, as tourist object and determine influence the tourist movement on their change (Jóźwiak 1997, 1998, 2002, Jóźwiak, Kozłowski 1999). Achieve results in 1996-2005 years, indicate that the average annual temperature in the cave of Raj amount to 8,5ºC and at relative humidity the air 95,1%. In the separate measurment points the temperature fluctuated from 8,5ºC in Sztolnia to 9,05ºC in Stalaktytowa (tab. 1). The most part stable the cave is Szybik and Złomisk Chamber (fig. 5,6), but the largest fluctuation temperature during the year are registering in Sztolnia and Wstępna Chamber (fig. 7, 8). There are areas in which as first appear tourists. The highest average annual relative humidity the air in the cave founded in years 1999- 98,9% and 1996- 97,8%, the lowest in year 2005 – 88,9% and year 2002- 93,0% (fig.9). The relative distribution humidity the air in the cave, similarly as temperature, show diversity in the separate points. The highest values humidity from years 1996-2005 in Szybik- 97,4%, with fluctuation from 96,4% in September to 96,4% in July and Wstępna Chamber-95,0% with fluctuation from 92,2% in June to 96,0% in January and February, the lowest in Sztolnia- 90,0%, with fluctuation from 87,6% in March to 91,6% in September and in Stalaktytowa Chamber –92,7%, with fluctuation from 90,5% in March to 91,9% in September was registered.
From 2001 year, in the cave are conducting also reseraches the contents CO2 in the air. In years 2001-2005 average concentration CO2 in the cave amount to 1478,11 mg*m-3, which is the lowest worth about 481,89 mg*m-3 from the upper limits the fresch air accepted by World Health Organisation (fig. 13). The largest average monthly concentration CO2 founded in June- 1813,31 mg*m-3, the lowest in March 999,97 mg*m-3 (fig. 14).
Beside natural occurrence, which have direct influence on the microclimat the cave of Raj, facilities her to take advantage tourist, generates dynamics the microclimate and influence on organic life inside the cave. The important with they is intensity the movement tourist. Together with increase quantity tourists, increase the temperature, and show the largest fluctuation in Sztolnia and Wstępna Chamber- the first points contact tourists with the cave.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2006, No 7, 33-37
THE COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS NEAR-SURFACE OZONE CONCENTRATION ON CHOSEN EUROPEAN STATIONS
Hubert Wróblewski
Summary
The ozone is the natural component of troposphere produced during photochemical reactions. On terrain of Europe measurements of this gas have been led since 19th century.
Investigations published by many authors (np. Chatfield, Harrisom 1977, Fabian, Pruchniewicz 1976, 1977, Loibl and others 1994, Brönnimann and others 2000, Ribas, Penuelas 2004) prove, that concentrations ozone size as well as its dynamics are closelycoupled with the bearings measuring point. The quantity of ozone and its occurrence cycle change with geographical latitude as well as height over the sea level.
The stations laid on different heights over the sea level and being more or less breadth geographical wise of The Holy Cross Station, were chosen to analysis. Moreover, the European stations, executed the distant the regard himself about 10o geographical latitude and laid on the height approximate to the location of Holy Cross station (475 – 534 m a.g.l.), were compared.
On the grounds of the measurements of ozone was executed the analysis of concentrations with the agglomeration help of method Warda where it was the measure of distance 1 – r Pearsona. All accessible results of measurements were used in first phase of analysis. Singles out four groups of station was the result of analysis answering diverse position.
by webadmin | Feb 1, 2015 | Bez kategorii
Natural Environment Monitoring 2006, No 7, 9-19
THE MONITORING AND ESTIMATE OF THE UNDERGROUND
WATER CONDITION
Bogusław Kazimierski, Ewa Pilichowska-Kazimierska
Summary
The Poland accession to European Union and implementation of European legislation caused for the principle changes in farming and the resource water protection. One of basic instruments of water economics is the monitoring of waters which the task is determinativeness areas where their supplies be menaced, both the quantity and quality relation and the tailing of undertaken repair working results
